this can be measured through legislation, agency statutes and rules. In order to ensure media independence, regulatory authorities should be placed outside of governments' directives. The role of regulatory authorities (license broadcaster institutions, content providers, platforms) and the resistance to political and commercial interference in the autonomy of the media sector are both considered as significant components of media independence. Main articles: Media regulation and Media independence The term medium (the singular form of media) is defined as "one of the means or channels of general communication, information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers, radio, or television." Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States. The phrase mass media was, according to H.L. They can be entrusted only to new artists because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. The Term media in its modern application relating to communication channels was first used by Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, who stated in Counterblast (1954): "The media are not toys they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives. Another framing of the history of media starts with the Chauvet Cave paintings and continues with other ways to carry human communication beyond the short range of voice: smoke signals, trail markers, and sculpture. Writers such as Howard Rheingold have framed early forms of human communication, such as the Lascaux cave paintings and early writing, as early forms of media. The development of early writing and paper enabling longer-distance communication systems such as mail, including in the Persian Empire ( Chapar Khaneh and Angarium) and Roman Empire, can be interpreted as early forms of media. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), digital media, and advertising. In mass communication, media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data.
For the medium that carries communications, see Transmission medium.
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